Reading and doing arithmetic nonconsciously

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Standard

Reading and doing arithmetic nonconsciously. / Sklar, Asael Y; Levy, Nir; Goldstein, Ariel; Mandel, Roi; Maril, Anat; Hassin, Ran R.

In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 109, No. 48, 2012, p. 19614-9.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Harvard

Sklar, AY, Levy, N, Goldstein, A, Mandel, R, Maril, A & Hassin, RR 2012, 'Reading and doing arithmetic nonconsciously', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 109, no. 48, pp. 19614-9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211645109

APA

Sklar, A. Y., Levy, N., Goldstein, A., Mandel, R., Maril, A., & Hassin, R. R. (2012). Reading and doing arithmetic nonconsciously. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(48), 19614-9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211645109

Vancouver

Sklar AY, Levy N, Goldstein A, Mandel R, Maril A, Hassin RR. Reading and doing arithmetic nonconsciously. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012;109(48):19614-9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211645109

Author

Sklar, Asael Y ; Levy, Nir ; Goldstein, Ariel ; Mandel, Roi ; Maril, Anat ; Hassin, Ran R. / Reading and doing arithmetic nonconsciously. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2012 ; Vol. 109, No. 48. pp. 19614-9.

Bibtex

@article{643b8a82a10f42e191baf2aa32a80e32,
title = "Reading and doing arithmetic nonconsciously",
abstract = "The modal view in the cognitive and neural sciences holds that consciousness is necessary for abstract, symbolic, and rule-following computations. Hence, semantic processing of multiple-word expressions, and performing of abstract mathematical computations, are widely believed to require consciousness. We report a series of experiments in which we show that multiple-word verbal expressions can be processed outside conscious awareness and that multistep, effortful arithmetic equations can be solved unconsciously. All experiments used Continuous Flash Suppression to render stimuli invisible for relatively long durations (up to 2,000 ms). Where appropriate, unawareness was verified using both objective and subjective measures. The results show that novel word combinations, in the form of expressions that contain semantic violations, become conscious before expressions that do not contain semantic violations, that the more negative a verbal expression is, the more quickly it becomes conscious, and that subliminal arithmetic equations prime their results. These findings call for a significant update of our view of conscious and unconscious processes.",
keywords = "Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Mathematics, Mental Processes, Reading",
author = "Sklar, {Asael Y} and Nir Levy and Ariel Goldstein and Roi Mandel and Anat Maril and Hassin, {Ran R}",
year = "2012",
doi = "10.1073/pnas.1211645109",
language = "English",
volume = "109",
pages = "19614--9",
journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
issn = "0027-8424",
publisher = "The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
number = "48",

}

RIS

TY - JOUR

T1 - Reading and doing arithmetic nonconsciously

AU - Sklar, Asael Y

AU - Levy, Nir

AU - Goldstein, Ariel

AU - Mandel, Roi

AU - Maril, Anat

AU - Hassin, Ran R

PY - 2012

Y1 - 2012

N2 - The modal view in the cognitive and neural sciences holds that consciousness is necessary for abstract, symbolic, and rule-following computations. Hence, semantic processing of multiple-word expressions, and performing of abstract mathematical computations, are widely believed to require consciousness. We report a series of experiments in which we show that multiple-word verbal expressions can be processed outside conscious awareness and that multistep, effortful arithmetic equations can be solved unconsciously. All experiments used Continuous Flash Suppression to render stimuli invisible for relatively long durations (up to 2,000 ms). Where appropriate, unawareness was verified using both objective and subjective measures. The results show that novel word combinations, in the form of expressions that contain semantic violations, become conscious before expressions that do not contain semantic violations, that the more negative a verbal expression is, the more quickly it becomes conscious, and that subliminal arithmetic equations prime their results. These findings call for a significant update of our view of conscious and unconscious processes.

AB - The modal view in the cognitive and neural sciences holds that consciousness is necessary for abstract, symbolic, and rule-following computations. Hence, semantic processing of multiple-word expressions, and performing of abstract mathematical computations, are widely believed to require consciousness. We report a series of experiments in which we show that multiple-word verbal expressions can be processed outside conscious awareness and that multistep, effortful arithmetic equations can be solved unconsciously. All experiments used Continuous Flash Suppression to render stimuli invisible for relatively long durations (up to 2,000 ms). Where appropriate, unawareness was verified using both objective and subjective measures. The results show that novel word combinations, in the form of expressions that contain semantic violations, become conscious before expressions that do not contain semantic violations, that the more negative a verbal expression is, the more quickly it becomes conscious, and that subliminal arithmetic equations prime their results. These findings call for a significant update of our view of conscious and unconscious processes.

KW - Adult

KW - Female

KW - Humans

KW - Male

KW - Mathematics

KW - Mental Processes

KW - Reading

U2 - 10.1073/pnas.1211645109

DO - 10.1073/pnas.1211645109

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 23150541

VL - 109

SP - 19614

EP - 19619

JO - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

SN - 0027-8424

IS - 48

ER -

ID: 381234320