TY - JOUR

T1 - Epidemiological analyses of African swine fever in the European Union

T2 - (September 2020 to August 2021)

AU - Baños, Joaquín Vicente

AU - Boklund, Anette

AU - Gogin, Andrey

AU - Gortázar, Christian

AU - Guberti, Vittorio

AU - Helyes, Georgina

AU - Kantere, Maria

AU - Korytarova, Daniela

AU - Linden, Annick

AU - Masiulis, Marius

AU - Miteva, Aleksandra

AU - Neghirla, Ioana

AU - Oļševskis, Edvins

AU - Ostojic, Sasa

AU - Petr, Satran

AU - Staubach, Christoph

AU - Thulke, Hans Hermann

AU - Viltrop, Arvo

AU - Wozniakowski, Grzegorz

AU - Broglia, Alessandro

AU - Abrahantes Cortiñas, José

AU - Dhollander, Sofie

AU - Mur, Lina

AU - Papanikolaou, Alexandra

AU - Van der Stede, Yves

AU - Zancanaro, Gabriele

AU - Ståhl, Karl

AU - EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)

N1 - Funding Information: EFSA wishes to thank all European competent institutions, Member State bodies and the other organisations that provided data for this scientific output. In addition, EFSA would like to thank Chinchio Eleonora for all the support she provided to draft this report and most in particular the work she did on the systematic review for the risk factors and the maps. EFSA also would like to thank Aminalragia Roxani for all the support she provided to the data providers to submit data to the data collection framework and for the support with the data extraction and analysis. And finally, EFSA would like to thank Lombardo Ludovico for the creation of the videos and his support with the maps. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA on behalf of the European Food Safety Authority.

PY - 2022/5

Y1 - 2022/5

N2 - This report provides a descriptive analysis of the African swine fever (ASF) Genotype II epidemic in the affected Member States in the EU and two neighbouring countries for the period from 1 September 2020 to 31 August 2021. ASF continued to spread in wild boar in the EU, it entered Germany in September 2020, while Belgium became free from ASF in October 2020. No ASF outbreaks in domestic pigs nor cases in wild boar have been reported in Greece since February 2020. In the Baltic States, overall, there has been a declining trend in proportions of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive samples from wild boar carcasses in the last few years. In the other countries, the proportions of PCR-positive wild boar carcasses remained high, indicating continuing spread of the disease. A systematic literature review revealed that the risk factors most frequently significantly associated with ASF in domestic pigs were pig density, low levels of biosecurity and socio-economic factors. For wild boar, most significant risk factors were related to habitat, socio-economic factors and wild boar management. The effectiveness of different control options in the so-named white zones, areas where wild boar densities have been drastically reduced to avoid further spread of ASF after a new introduction, was assessed with a stochastic model. Important findings were that establishing a white zone is much more challenging when the area of ASF incursion is adjacent to an area where limited control measures are in place. Very stringent wild boar population reduction measures in the white zone are key to success. The white zone needs to be far enough away from the affected core area so that the population can be reduced in time before the disease arrives and the timing of this will depend on the wild boar density and the required population reduction target in the white zone. Finally, establishing a proactive white zone along the demarcation line of an affected area requires higher culling efforts, but has a higher chance of success to stop the spread of the disease than establishing reactive white zones after the disease has already entered in the area.

AB - This report provides a descriptive analysis of the African swine fever (ASF) Genotype II epidemic in the affected Member States in the EU and two neighbouring countries for the period from 1 September 2020 to 31 August 2021. ASF continued to spread in wild boar in the EU, it entered Germany in September 2020, while Belgium became free from ASF in October 2020. No ASF outbreaks in domestic pigs nor cases in wild boar have been reported in Greece since February 2020. In the Baltic States, overall, there has been a declining trend in proportions of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive samples from wild boar carcasses in the last few years. In the other countries, the proportions of PCR-positive wild boar carcasses remained high, indicating continuing spread of the disease. A systematic literature review revealed that the risk factors most frequently significantly associated with ASF in domestic pigs were pig density, low levels of biosecurity and socio-economic factors. For wild boar, most significant risk factors were related to habitat, socio-economic factors and wild boar management. The effectiveness of different control options in the so-named white zones, areas where wild boar densities have been drastically reduced to avoid further spread of ASF after a new introduction, was assessed with a stochastic model. Important findings were that establishing a white zone is much more challenging when the area of ASF incursion is adjacent to an area where limited control measures are in place. Very stringent wild boar population reduction measures in the white zone are key to success. The white zone needs to be far enough away from the affected core area so that the population can be reduced in time before the disease arrives and the timing of this will depend on the wild boar density and the required population reduction target in the white zone. Finally, establishing a proactive white zone along the demarcation line of an affected area requires higher culling efforts, but has a higher chance of success to stop the spread of the disease than establishing reactive white zones after the disease has already entered in the area.

KW - ASF

KW - control

KW - domestic pigs

KW - epidemiology

KW - EU

KW - prevention

KW - white zones

KW - wild boar

U2 - 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7290

DO - 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7290

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 35515335

AN - SCOPUS:85133657212

VL - 20

JO - E F S A Journal

JF - E F S A Journal

SN - 1831-4732

IS - 5

M1 - e07290

ER -