TY - JOUR

T1 - Automatic counting and positioning of slaughter pigs within the pen using a convolutional neural network and video images

AU - Jensen, Dan Børge

AU - Pedersen, Lene Juul

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - Pen fouling is an undesired behaviour of slaughter pigs, which increases labour costs for the farmer, worsens the hygiene and welfare of the pigs, and has negative environmental consequences. Previous research suggests that monitoring the positioning behaviour of grower/finisher pigs within their pen has the potential to be used in early warning systems that can alert the farmer to an impending pen fouling event 1–3 days in advance. For such a warning system to be feasible, monitoring of the pigs’ positioning behaviour must be automated. To this end, we present a novel yet relatively simple method, namely a convolutional neural network (CNN) with a single linear regression output node. The proposed CNN takes partial images of a pen, corresponding to the different areas of the pen, and outputs an estimated count of the number of pigs in the partial image. By inputting three partial images corresponding to the three areas of the pen, the model can estimate the number of pigs in each area. The trained CNN generally performs well when applied to data from unseen test pens, with mean absolute errors of less than 1 pig and coefficients of determination between observed and estimated counts above 0.9. In cases where the trained model underperforms on the test pens, fine-tuning by transfer learning can be applied; we show that an initially underperforming model can be fine-tuned on one day's worth of test set data (26 labelled images), after which it will produce near-perfect estimates on all subsequent days in the same test set.

AB - Pen fouling is an undesired behaviour of slaughter pigs, which increases labour costs for the farmer, worsens the hygiene and welfare of the pigs, and has negative environmental consequences. Previous research suggests that monitoring the positioning behaviour of grower/finisher pigs within their pen has the potential to be used in early warning systems that can alert the farmer to an impending pen fouling event 1–3 days in advance. For such a warning system to be feasible, monitoring of the pigs’ positioning behaviour must be automated. To this end, we present a novel yet relatively simple method, namely a convolutional neural network (CNN) with a single linear regression output node. The proposed CNN takes partial images of a pen, corresponding to the different areas of the pen, and outputs an estimated count of the number of pigs in the partial image. By inputting three partial images corresponding to the three areas of the pen, the model can estimate the number of pigs in each area. The trained CNN generally performs well when applied to data from unseen test pens, with mean absolute errors of less than 1 pig and coefficients of determination between observed and estimated counts above 0.9. In cases where the trained model underperforms on the test pens, fine-tuning by transfer learning can be applied; we show that an initially underperforming model can be fine-tuned on one day's worth of test set data (26 labelled images), after which it will produce near-perfect estimates on all subsequent days in the same test set.

KW - Convolutional neural network

KW - Growing pigs

KW - Machine vision

KW - Pen fouling

KW - Positioning behaviour

U2 - 10.1016/j.compag.2021.106296

DO - 10.1016/j.compag.2021.106296

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85110414193

VL - 188

JO - Computers and Electronics in Agriculture

JF - Computers and Electronics in Agriculture

SN - 0168-1699

M1 - 106296

ER -